Questions
4 questions per paper
Difficulty
Medium
Importance
High yield for SSC and state-level recruitment
Overview
Samanya Hindi Vyakaran is the backbone of the language section in competitive exams like SSC and IBPS. Mastery of these fundamentals ensures rapid score gains in objective tests where grammar-based questions are designed to be solved in seconds. The core idea is to identify grammatical markers and patterns that define how words and sentences structure themselves in formal Hindi.
Ling, Vachan, and Karak
These define the gender, number, and case markers that dictate noun and verb modifications. In exams, you must identify how suffixes change to accommodate these categories, especially with irregular noun forms.
- Ling: Pulling and Striling classification based on usage.
- Vachan: Ek-vachan and Bahu-vachan; watch for words like 'aansu' or 'pran' which are always plural.
- Karak: Eight cases (Karta, Karma, Karan, etc.) identified by vibhakti suffixes.
- Crucial trick: Use the verb to determine the gender of the subject.
Kaal (Tense)
Kaal classifies the time of action into Bhoot, Vartaman, and Bhavishya. Understanding the sub-categories, such as 'Asanna Bhoot' or 'Sanyaagdh Vartaman', is essential for accurately identifying sentence structure.
- Vartaman Kaal: Samanya, Tatkalik, and Sandigdh.
- Bhoot Kaal: Six types; focus on identifying 'Aasanna' (immediate past) vs 'Purna' (distant past).
- Bhavishya Kaal: Samanya and Hetu-hetumad.
- Always check the auxiliary verb suffix (e.g., 'hai', 'tha', 'hoga') first.
Vachya (Voice)
Vachya signifies the focus of the sentence: the subject (Kartri), the object (Karma), or the verb's state (Bhav). Recognizing whether a sentence is passive or active is a high-frequency question type.
- Kartri Vachya: Action dominated by the subject.
- Karma Vachya: Action dominated by the object (usually includes 'se' or 'ke dwara').
- Bhav Vachya: Indicates inability or state, common in negative sentences.
- Conversion rule: Changing active to passive often requires adding 'ke dwara'.
Upsarg and Pratyay
These are affixes added to roots to change meaning. Upsarg prefixes appear at the start, while Pratyay suffixes appear at the end, often significantly altering the word's base classification.
- Upsarg: Usually Sanskrit-based (e.g., 'pra', 'apa', 'sam').
- Pratyay: Two types - Krit (verb roots) and Taddhit (nouns/adjectives/pronouns).
- Exam tactic: Remove the prefix/suffix to check if the remaining word is a meaningful 'mool shabd'.
- Look for 'Sandhi' rules that may apply when joining affixes.
Exam Tip
Always identify the verb form first; the tense and voice of the verb effectively dictate the structure of the entire sentence in 90% of exam questions.
Common Mistakes
- Mistaking Bhav Vachya for Karma Vachya in sentences without explicit objects.
- Ignoring the plural nature of specific words like 'darshan', 'hastakshar', and 'nirdhan'.
- Failing to perform the 'Mool Shabd' test when identifying Pratyay, leading to incorrect splits.
More Revision Notes
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